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Find out how to estimate the distance and time travelling
Bashny.Net
Definition of distance by steps
To determine the distance on the steps necessary to know their length. The average length of a couple of steps conventionally may be taken equal to 1.5 m. the expense of the steps you can maintain three, counting three alternately under the right and left leg. If the distance is measured by run the account is conducted in five steps. When measuring large distances every hundred counted pairs or threes steps note recording, bending the fingers or other means. More convenient to use a special device — a pedometer.
Fifty five million seven hundred twenty four thousand six hundred sixty nine
Definition of distance by construction of similar triangles
When determining distances to inaccessible objects using various techniques related to the construction of similar triangles.
Definition of distance by means of a match.
Match — a simple rangefinder. Previously it is necessary to apply ink or pencil division two-millimeter. You also need to know the approximate height of the subject, which is determined by the distance.
— The man's height is 1.7 m.
A Bicycle wheel is 0.75 m.
— Rider 2.2 m.
— Telegraph pole 6 m.
— One-story house without a roof 2,5 — 4 m.
For example, it is necessary to determine the distance to the Telegraph pole. Send him a match at arm's length, the length of which in an adult is approximately 60 cm On the match image post took two points, i.e. 4 mm. On these data it is easy to make such proportion:
arm length / distance to pole = segment match / post height = 0,60/X = 0,004 / 6,0; X=0,60*6,0/0,004=900
Thus, up to a column of 900 meters.
Hiking standards.
For measurements on the route by constructing similar triangles it is useful for tourists to know some other Hiking standards.
— Length of "quarter", that is, the distance between Donets spaced thumb and little finger, 18 — 22 cm
— The length of the index finger from the base of the thumb 11 — 13 cm, from the base of the middle — 7 — 8 see
— The greatest distance between the ends of the thumb and forefinger 16 — 18 cm, between the tips of the index and middle fingers — 8 — 10 cm.
— The distance between the ends of horizontally stretched arms of the man usually equals his height.
— Distance from the eye to the raised thumb of the extended hand 60 — 70 cm.
— The width of your index finger about 2 cm, its width of a fingernail 1 cm.
— The width of four fingers of a palm 7 — 8cm.
The specific length of these and other standards, each tourist independently chooses and writes in my Hiking notebook.
Estimation of distance an eye estimation and on audibility of sounds
For visual evaluation of the distance, you can use the following table of the distances of the beginning of visibility of objects.
Name of the item
Distance
Daytime:
Human settlement
10-12 km
Largest structure
8 km
Some small houses
5 km
The Windows in the houses (not binding)
4 km
Pipes on the roofs
3 km
Individual tree
2 km
People (in the form of points)
1.5 — 2 km
Movement of the legs, the hands of a man
700 m
Bindings window frames
500 m
Human head
400 m
The color of the clothes
250-300 m
The leaves on the trees
200 m
Facial features, hands
100 m
Eyes (in the form of points)
60-70 m
Night time:
Burning fire
6-8 km
Light pocket lantern
1.5-2 km
Burning match
1-1,5 km
Fire cigarettes
400 — 500 m
Features of vision on long journeys. Depend on many factors, and primarily on the distance to objects. The farther away the object, so it looks lower and narrower than in reality. Therefore, large objects seem closer than smaller ones. Underlying objects (e.g., fallen tree) seem to be longer than the standing of the same size.
The distance to the water in the gorge, the snow seems to be shorter than the actual.
The width of the river from the coast is more gentle, than when viewed from a steep Bank. Seen from above, upwards, from the foot of the mountain to its summit, the slope seems less steep, and the items on the hill is closer than when viewed from the top down, from the mountain. At night, all the lights and brightly lit objects seem much closer to their actual position. Day light or brightly painted objects seem closer than darker objects or little contrast with a natural background.
Amendments to the psychological errors.
With orientation and assessment distance on the route we must remember that the steepness of exposed slopes usually seems greater than zanesennyj; the distance to the distant forests, rivers, mountains — in short real; even road — less long, than the same way on the road. Especially the "lengthened" kilometers run under a heavy backpack, in bad weather or in conditions of poor visibility.
Table of audibility of various sounds.
The table shows the range of the beginning of audibility of sounds in an open countryside in a quiet and normal humidity.
Sound source
Medium range
start of hearing
The noise of a train
5 — 10 km
Shooting from a hunting rifle
2 — 4 km
The sharp noise of the tractor engine, tractor, car horns
2 — 3 km
The barking of dogs, neighing horses
1 — 2 km
The movement of vehicles on the highway
1 — 2 km
A loud cry of (inaudible)
1 — 1.5 km
The movement of vehicles on dirt road
0.5 — 1 km
The fall, the crash of a felled tree
800 m
The sound of axes, saws screeching, clanking pots
300 — 500 m
The conversation of the people (inaudible)
200 m
It quietly, cough
50 — 100 m
Time estimate
To determine time by the sun (solar time), moon, stars, and separate the phenomena of nature, having a daily rhythm of development. The ability to tell time without a clock it is important for tourists not so much in case of loss or breakage of the latter, how many for development of observation and implementation of various types of observations of nature.. .
For a rough estimation of time on clear summer days you can use flowers. Below is a table showing the hours that they open and close some of the most common in the middle belt of the country flowers.
Name of plant
The flowers open (hours)
Flowers close (watch)
Meadow salsify
4 — 5
10 — 11
Chicory
5 — 6
15 — 19
Briar field
5 — 6
20 — 21
Dandelion
6 — 7
15 — 18
Sow-Thistle field
7 — 8
11 — 12
The len field
7 — 8
17 — 18
Jastrebinka umbrella
7 — 8
18 — 19
White water Lily
8 — 9
19 — 20
Viola tricolor
8 — 9
16 — 17
Cloves field
10 — 11
14 — 15
Marigold field
10 — 11
16 — 17
Oxalis
10 — 11
18 — 19
Mother and stepmother
10 — 11
18 — 19
Tobacco scented
20 — 21
Campion
21 — 22
Violet night
21 — 22
Approximately determine the time in the summer the morning is the awakening of the birds and their first songs.published
The name of the bird
The first song (watch)
Finch
2 — 2.30
Robin
3 to 4
Quail
3.30 — 4
Thrush
4 — 4.30
Warbler
4 — 5
Tit
5 — 6
Sparrow
6 — 7
P. S. And remember, only by changing their consumption — together we change the world! ©
Join us in Facebook , Vkontakte, Odnoklassniki
Source: altair-club.org.ua/article/read/ocenka-rasstojanij-i-vremeni-v-puteshestvii.html
To determine the distance on the steps necessary to know their length. The average length of a couple of steps conventionally may be taken equal to 1.5 m. the expense of the steps you can maintain three, counting three alternately under the right and left leg. If the distance is measured by run the account is conducted in five steps. When measuring large distances every hundred counted pairs or threes steps note recording, bending the fingers or other means. More convenient to use a special device — a pedometer.
Fifty five million seven hundred twenty four thousand six hundred sixty nine
Definition of distance by construction of similar triangles
When determining distances to inaccessible objects using various techniques related to the construction of similar triangles.
Definition of distance by means of a match.
Match — a simple rangefinder. Previously it is necessary to apply ink or pencil division two-millimeter. You also need to know the approximate height of the subject, which is determined by the distance.
— The man's height is 1.7 m.
A Bicycle wheel is 0.75 m.
— Rider 2.2 m.
— Telegraph pole 6 m.
— One-story house without a roof 2,5 — 4 m.
For example, it is necessary to determine the distance to the Telegraph pole. Send him a match at arm's length, the length of which in an adult is approximately 60 cm On the match image post took two points, i.e. 4 mm. On these data it is easy to make such proportion:
arm length / distance to pole = segment match / post height = 0,60/X = 0,004 / 6,0; X=0,60*6,0/0,004=900
Thus, up to a column of 900 meters.
Hiking standards.
For measurements on the route by constructing similar triangles it is useful for tourists to know some other Hiking standards.
— Length of "quarter", that is, the distance between Donets spaced thumb and little finger, 18 — 22 cm
— The length of the index finger from the base of the thumb 11 — 13 cm, from the base of the middle — 7 — 8 see
— The greatest distance between the ends of the thumb and forefinger 16 — 18 cm, between the tips of the index and middle fingers — 8 — 10 cm.
— The distance between the ends of horizontally stretched arms of the man usually equals his height.
— Distance from the eye to the raised thumb of the extended hand 60 — 70 cm.
— The width of your index finger about 2 cm, its width of a fingernail 1 cm.
— The width of four fingers of a palm 7 — 8cm.
The specific length of these and other standards, each tourist independently chooses and writes in my Hiking notebook.
Estimation of distance an eye estimation and on audibility of sounds
For visual evaluation of the distance, you can use the following table of the distances of the beginning of visibility of objects.
Name of the item
Distance
Daytime:
Human settlement
10-12 km
Largest structure
8 km
Some small houses
5 km
The Windows in the houses (not binding)
4 km
Pipes on the roofs
3 km
Individual tree
2 km
People (in the form of points)
1.5 — 2 km
Movement of the legs, the hands of a man
700 m
Bindings window frames
500 m
Human head
400 m
The color of the clothes
250-300 m
The leaves on the trees
200 m
Facial features, hands
100 m
Eyes (in the form of points)
60-70 m
Night time:
Burning fire
6-8 km
Light pocket lantern
1.5-2 km
Burning match
1-1,5 km
Fire cigarettes
400 — 500 m
Features of vision on long journeys. Depend on many factors, and primarily on the distance to objects. The farther away the object, so it looks lower and narrower than in reality. Therefore, large objects seem closer than smaller ones. Underlying objects (e.g., fallen tree) seem to be longer than the standing of the same size.
The distance to the water in the gorge, the snow seems to be shorter than the actual.
The width of the river from the coast is more gentle, than when viewed from a steep Bank. Seen from above, upwards, from the foot of the mountain to its summit, the slope seems less steep, and the items on the hill is closer than when viewed from the top down, from the mountain. At night, all the lights and brightly lit objects seem much closer to their actual position. Day light or brightly painted objects seem closer than darker objects or little contrast with a natural background.
Amendments to the psychological errors.
With orientation and assessment distance on the route we must remember that the steepness of exposed slopes usually seems greater than zanesennyj; the distance to the distant forests, rivers, mountains — in short real; even road — less long, than the same way on the road. Especially the "lengthened" kilometers run under a heavy backpack, in bad weather or in conditions of poor visibility.
Table of audibility of various sounds.
The table shows the range of the beginning of audibility of sounds in an open countryside in a quiet and normal humidity.
Sound source
Medium range
start of hearing
The noise of a train
5 — 10 km
Shooting from a hunting rifle
2 — 4 km
The sharp noise of the tractor engine, tractor, car horns
2 — 3 km
The barking of dogs, neighing horses
1 — 2 km
The movement of vehicles on the highway
1 — 2 km
A loud cry of (inaudible)
1 — 1.5 km
The movement of vehicles on dirt road
0.5 — 1 km
The fall, the crash of a felled tree
800 m
The sound of axes, saws screeching, clanking pots
300 — 500 m
The conversation of the people (inaudible)
200 m
It quietly, cough
50 — 100 m
Time estimate
To determine time by the sun (solar time), moon, stars, and separate the phenomena of nature, having a daily rhythm of development. The ability to tell time without a clock it is important for tourists not so much in case of loss or breakage of the latter, how many for development of observation and implementation of various types of observations of nature.. .
For a rough estimation of time on clear summer days you can use flowers. Below is a table showing the hours that they open and close some of the most common in the middle belt of the country flowers.
Name of plant
The flowers open (hours)
Flowers close (watch)
Meadow salsify
4 — 5
10 — 11
Chicory
5 — 6
15 — 19
Briar field
5 — 6
20 — 21
Dandelion
6 — 7
15 — 18
Sow-Thistle field
7 — 8
11 — 12
The len field
7 — 8
17 — 18
Jastrebinka umbrella
7 — 8
18 — 19
White water Lily
8 — 9
19 — 20
Viola tricolor
8 — 9
16 — 17
Cloves field
10 — 11
14 — 15
Marigold field
10 — 11
16 — 17
Oxalis
10 — 11
18 — 19
Mother and stepmother
10 — 11
18 — 19
Tobacco scented
20 — 21
Campion
21 — 22
Violet night
21 — 22
Approximately determine the time in the summer the morning is the awakening of the birds and their first songs.published
The name of the bird
The first song (watch)
Finch
2 — 2.30
Robin
3 to 4
Quail
3.30 — 4
Thrush
4 — 4.30
Warbler
4 — 5
Tit
5 — 6
Sparrow
6 — 7
P. S. And remember, only by changing their consumption — together we change the world! ©
Join us in Facebook , Vkontakte, Odnoklassniki
Source: altair-club.org.ua/article/read/ocenka-rasstojanij-i-vremeni-v-puteshestvii.html
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