445
Professor Preobrazhensky in reality
In 1925, Bulgakov wrote heart of a Dog. The fate of the novel was solved the first time they read the manuscript in the circle of writers – was there an agent of the OGPU, who wrote a detailed review-a denunciation. The product was branded as counterrevolutionary and banned.
After the long-awaited publication of "heart of a Dog" in the Soviet Union in 1987, the sympathy of readers and viewers was entirely on the side of the Transfiguration Professor.
Ninety three million six hundred eight thousand three hundred forty five
What does a Professor? Makes transplants people gonads of monkeys. For what? As it is not fantastic it sounds — Yes, for rejuvenation! Few people know that the prototype of the Transfiguration Professor was Russian Expat physician Sergei Voronov.
About his experiments in those years was all over the papers. But first, let's look further in the story…
In 1817, the British colony on the island of Mauritius in the American-French family there is an amazing child. Even the name he had dual Franco-Saxon: Charles Eduard brown-Sekar. You could put a comma: a citizen of the world.
His father, a sailor, and one day he returned from a voyage, and the mother alone to raise a son. Charles Edward learned mainly French culture, even to the end of his days spoke with a noticeable English accent. As a young man he went to Paris to study medicine. Subsequently, traveled around the world, working in different countries, but that France remained his alma mater, and then home to his glory.
Thirty five million three hundred five thousand six hundred nine
In 1846, a young doctor returned to the island of Mauritius. Just at this time on the island was an outbreak of cholera and Broun-Sekar selflessly fought for the lives of patients. Already in those years he combined medical practice with research.
Then he went to his father's homeland, in the United States, worked in leading hospitals, taught at Harvard University. After a few years of Broun-Sekar moved to London, where for several years he worked at the hospital for paralytics and epileptics. And everywhere he conducted in-depth research, wrote the works of scientists who have enriched medical science. Often the scientist experimented on himself, though in the printed works referred to anonymous patients.
He was already over fifty, when he received French citizenship, and since then never left France. In 1869 he became Professor of the medical faculty, and another ten years headed the faculty of experimental physiology at the Collège de France. This was the place of his bold experiments on the transplantation of tissues and organs of animals. In 1886, brown-Sekar was elected as a member of the French Academy of Sciences.
For seventy years the Professor felt a noticeable decrease in mental and physical activity. But there is still so much work to do, so many ideas!.. He remembered that in animals the peak of activity coincides with the period of puberty. This observation was the impetus for a new series of experiments. Moreover, as the "Guinea pig" was made by the scientist himself. He did infusion of tissue taken from the testicles of young dogs and Guinea pigs; this liquid a scientist injected himself under the skin. Injection was extremely painful. But that pain subsided, and the old Professor felt that it gradually returns to its former strength, sharpness of mind, and increases sexual vitality.
June 1, 1889, Charles Edouard brown-Sekar made a report to the Biological Society. It was a scientific sensation! The Professor told his colleagues about the results: I gave specific data about increasing muscle mass, improving the work of the rectum and urogenital system, brain activity. Colleagues stood and applauded the scientist.
The report soon came in pamphlet form and became widely known. Aging celebrities and the rich, especially females, have filled up the Professor's pleas: give us back the youth! In order to ensure financing of further studies of Broun-Sekar began selling the extract for injection under the name "Skardin". The audience immediately dubbed the drug "elixir of youth".
Seventy million five hundred eighty six thousand nine hundred fifty five
In the midst of the hype around "Scardina" his Creator with horror felt that his condition was deteriorating, there comes a complete breakdown, mental and sexual activity. The aging process has accelerated, a luminary of medicine waned and was extinguished in five years.
In the name of Broun-sekara has many legends. Told me that during the cholera epidemic he was eating the droppings from infected patients to experience symptoms of the onset of the disease; he injected fresh blood into the severed head of the executed criminal, trying to revive her; that he transplanted a dog a second head, grafted a cat's tail of the cock... no Wonder the image of the scientist-experimenter is reflected in contemporary literature. For example, poet and writer Villiers de l'isle-Adam portrayed Broun-sekara in the Novella series "Strange stories".
Subsequently, scientists found that a substance extracted Broun-Sekar from the testicles of animals, had no effect on the hormonal activities of the human body. But the initial effect experienced by the old Professor and some patients were due to psychological reasons, the so-called placebo.
Despite this misconception of Broun-sekara (how many of them know the history of science!) physicians thought highly of his works. And for some colleagues the confusion related to the "elixir of youth" looked as a defeat, but as a tempting direction for future research. This successor was our compatriot, a famous French surgeon.
Eleven million one hundred ninety three thousand forty two
In Europe, it was known under the name of Serge Voronoff. Sergei Voronov was born, or rather, Samuel Abramovich ravens in July of 1866 in a village near Voronezh. He graduated from high school, where, unlike schools, the Jews were allowed, and at age 18 went to France to continue his education.
After studying at the Sorbonne and Higher medical school, in 1907, Sergei Voronov naturalized, and received a French passport. Russian student was the favorite pupil of the French surgeon and biologist Alexis Carrel, who in 1912 the Nobel prize in physiology or medicine, which have gained the knowledge on the surgical technique of organ transplantation.
Then for fourteen years the ravens went to Egypt, where he made a remarkable career, becoming surgeon and court physician at the court of the Khedive. He made a great contribution to the development of the health system in this country opened a hospital for infectious diseases, created a school for nurses and founded the Egyptian medical journal. It was in Egypt in 1898, the ravens close for the first time considered interesting medical phenomenon of the eunuchs of the Khedive. With surprise he learned that boys castrated at 6-7 years, long before the body will stop its growth and development. Observation of the eunuchs gave Raven the idea of the importance of the sexual glands of secretion: deprived of their men were often ill, differed imperfect bone structure, obesity, and even their ability to think was affected: the eunuchs were given bad memorizing verses from the Koran. These accidents appeared inherent in the elderly signs: gray hair, clouding of the cornea, and they died early.
What if the secret to vitality and longevity hiding in his gonads? So the ravens came to the idea to stimulate the aging body transplantation the seminal glands. He has long experimented on animals: transplanted the old goats, sheep and bulls glands young, they started to jump again and mate. Slowed his path to the practice of rejuvenation of the First world war: the ravens became the chief surgeon of the Russian military hospital in Paris. There he treated the wounded, using the bones of apes to create orthopedic prosthetics for soldiers.
Ninety nine million ninety nine thousand three hundred fifty two
Back in Paris, the ravens began a series of experiments on the transplantation of animal tissues sick people. Slices of glands from chimpanzees he was transplanted to patients suffering from thyroid diseases. Operations brought a noticeable effect. This method proved to be effective in the treatment of dementia. The name of Sergei Voronov and thundered in Russia.
Illustrated weekly "Sparks" wrote in 1914:
«Sensational discovery. In the French medical Academy, our countryman, Dr. Sergei Voronov, made a sensational message about the transactions made by him in his clinic over a 14-year-old boy idiot. From the age of six mental development of the boy stopped, and clearly marked all the signs of abnormalities and cretinism: an extinct sight, stupidity and lack of understanding of the most ordinary things. The ravens did this boy vaccinated thymus monkeys. The success exceeded expectations. The boy came to life a look, there was mental capacity, intelligence, curiosity. Dr. ravens – a former employee of Carrel".
In the early 20th century, biological knowledge has moved forward with giant steps. The winner of the Nobel prize in physiology or medicine Karl Landsteiner had identified the blood group. Alexis Carrel opened the door to transplant surgery of organs. But a huge distance separated that era from the medical ethical principles of modernity, doctors were not afraid of anything, the most daring interference with the human body seemed to be usual steps on the path to a brilliant future.
Eighty million seven hundred eighty seven thousand eight hundred ninety four
On the poster: "Serge Voronoff. Transplantation of testicles from a monkey to human. Colonel in retirement, veteran of the Indian Campaign in good form after surgery»
Voronov had only to use the scientific discoveries of his contemporaries, combining them with brilliant possession of practical surgery. In 1920, Dr. Voronov has performed the first surgery on the man, he planted the thyroid gland of a monkey, and then moved to transplant the gonads. From a technical point of view the operation, did the surgeon not replaced one on another, and added to the human testis slim "cuts" of the drug, prijigauschee (as then was considered) in the recipient's body and begins to produce sex hormones. Rather, it could be called "grafting" monkey energy.
Interestingly, at first he was in France an advertising campaign in favour of organ donation, but have not found volunteers willing to part with their sex glands. Potential candidates or asked for an incredible price, or stood on such a low rung of the social ladder that the proposed material was already worthless... it was Decided to take parts from great apes, a Primate.
"Lee will surpass the monkey man as their bodies, stronger the physical shell, is less exposed to bad heredity: gout, alcoholism, syphilis? I don't know, but I can say that when transplanting the thyroid gland and testicles, the organs of the monkeys gave better results than human organs," wrote Dr. Voronov in "a Study about old age and rejuvenation by the method of direct".
Nineteen million four hundred ninety thousand two hundred sixty two
The doctor and his assistant, a monkey on the operating table.
In 1920-30-ies Sergei Voronov served as Director of the laboratory of experimental surgery at the "Collège de France". These years had the era of his surgical triumphs. He gave his patients the thyroid, gonads and ovaries: the order of 500 operations in France, as well as an uncountable number of them in the clinic in Algeria. He operated in the US, where the New York Times was devoted to the details of his surgeries, reports on the front pages. Now it is not possible to find, with a clinic in Switzerland collaborated ravens, most likely him, and here was the practice. His patients were entrepreneurs, politicians, artists and even from 65 to 85 years. Transplant cost the huge money, the ravens became fabulously rich.
Soon all the world "Voronov method" worked for 45 surgeons and professors. Doctors organized expeditions to Africa for the monkeys, and some of them sincerely regretted that we cannot take the organs from those sentenced to death. At the same time with Voronov in Switzerland practiced another famous surgeon, Paul Niehans (1882-1971). In his luxury clinic in Montreux he became a pioneer of cell therapy – based on his method of rejuvenation was the introduction into the patient of embryonic cells, also obtained from the gonads.
At the same time the ravens conducted experiments on regeneration in animals – sheep, goats and bulls. He grafted thin slices from the testicles of young animals into the scrotum old animals, they had the energy and zeal of the young. Finally my turn to monkeys and humans. Tell you that the first transplant people the ravens did for millionaires, and the eggs he took from executed criminals. Clearly, this material was limited, so the main "donors" were chimpanzees and baboons. The first recorded transplantation of the glands of a monkey to a human took place on June 12, 1920. And three years later Sergei Voronov made a sensational report at the international Congress of surgeons in London. Seven hundred colleagues applauded the success Voronova. His published works, such as "Rejuvenation by grafting", became widely known throughout the world, including in Soviet Russia.
The unique method of Dr. Voronov made him the richest physician in the world. Surgery in his clinics in France and in Algeria were put on stream. His clients were millionaires, politicians, stars of stage and screen. To meet the growing demand for interchange of material, he had to start his own apery.
Twenty two million three hundred fourteen thousand seven hundred fifty one
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Eighty one million eight hundred fifteen thousand nine hundred ninety six
Ravens and he led the life of a rich man and stars: take the first floor first-class hotel, kept two mistresses, a large staff of servants, secretaries, guards and chauffeurs. However, his lawful wife did not complain about the lack of attention from the spouse, but the first two died one after the other, only the third survived her husband.
A brilliant writer, the ravens had released several books that have become bestsellers in the 1920-ies. So, in the "Rejuvenation by grafting" he says that activity increases sexual desire, memory, hearing, sight and incredibly increases efficiency. But it would be vulgar to claim that Dr. Voronov was only interested in the continuation of the sexual functions of man. He wanted – no more, no less – to give people eternal youth and to conquer death.
"Death outraged man as the greatest of injustices, because he holds intimate memories of his own immortality," wrote ravens in the book "to Live. Research ways to stimulate the vital energy and increase life expectancy", published in Paris in 1920. "Every cell component body, and which at first was unified and independent, reminisces about his infinite and eternal life and screaming in terror before his own death from its connection with other cells... dying for billions of years, cells merged, forming increasingly complex structures, from the simplest organism amoeba to the top of the creation of man, and that harmonious unification is often violated, which leads to terrible immoral phenomenon of death."
Method of rejuvenation by Voronov inspired writers. From the pen of Mikhail Bulgakov he became Professor Preobrazhensky from the novel "heart of a Dog". As we remember, the Creator of the ball not only gave the human the pituitary gland the dog, but also earned a living, restoring the potency of the old and depraved enemies of the revolution. And Conan Doyle brought Russian doctor in the story about the adventures of Sherlock Holmes "the Man on all fours."
About 1925 a new inhabitant of the côte d'azur has caused a lot of noise — Sergei Voronov bought the Grimaldi castle, a large estate on the Italian side, located a few hundred meters from Menton. French surgeon with a Russian name there equipped laboratory and breeding of monkeys in your own garden. Locked in metal cages, chimpanzees, orangutans, and baboons were uneasy: it seemed that they never for a moment doubted that awaits them... they Say their master is not confined to transfers obezyanyi glands men, but also involved in reproductive function of women. He transplanted oocytes in women after menopause, and then his imagination went further, to transplant female egg monkey and try to impregnate her with human sperm. These works have increasingly alienated it from Faust's closer to Frankenstein.
Fifty one million one hundred eighty six thousand nine hundred forty eight
Grimaldi Palace
Clearly, the ravens take their experiences seriously. But experience has shown that, although transplantation of testes could for some time to stimulate sexual activity and libido, it will not restore worn-out heart, blood vessels and other necessary for vital organs.
... In the Grimaldi Palace, called the Palace Voronov, year-round lived brother Sergei, Alexander Voronov, managed the estate. He died in Auschwitz during the Second world war. In 1940 the Nazis confiscated all the equipment of the laboratory Voronov, all his archives and documents in the Palace on the French Riviera. The doctor himself during the war he lived in new York with his third wife. And after the liberation of France returned, finding a at home utter destruction and several hungry monkeys.
However, while the ravens haven't been Samanyolu. The crown is the miracle surgeon fell out of his head a few years after the outbreak of the first experiments in transplanting gonads. English Lord, one of the most "successful" of his patients, pomolodevshimi after vaccination obezyanyi hormones from own excesses died two years after operation. And the other patients were also not among the centenarians. Perhaps they euphoric as in the first months after the scalpel, Dr. Voronov was due to the placebo effect.
Thirty five million ninety two thousand four hundred twenty five
Gertie, the third wife of a surgeon was younger than his 49 years
That's all changed. Those who applauded Voronov, now laughed at him. The doctor took hard criticism. He spent several years in a depression, and then went head first into the fun, which had sought his patients in endless parties, travel and love Affairs. Married for the third time. The third wife of a native of a village near Voronezh, shiny beautiful Gertie, or Gertrude, was 49 years younger than him — Austrian citizen, Romanian by birth, a cousin of official mistress of a Romanian king Karol Magda Lupescu. (Voronova first wife, Marguerite Barbe, was a poet, fan of the Rosicrucian order, the marriage ended in divorce. Second, the daughter of an American oil millionaire Evelyn Bostwick, was passionately in love with Voronov, became his devoted helper. To marry him, she divorced the count Périgny, but died of cancer three years after the wedding, in 1921.) Gerty lived with Voronov for 15 years, until his death.
Thank Voronov was a bit "sisalana", as the French say. The doctor didn't hide the fact that its operation conduct including violent sexual activity, hence the unhealthy hype surrounding his activities. Manipulation of the testicles were the subject of many jokes and popular verses in the Old and New world. In France in these years came into Vogue ashtray, decorated with a statuette of a monkey covering legs genitals and says: "No, Voronoff will not take me!"On the other hand, thoughtful authors have expressed concern – because no one knew the consequences of waiting patients Voronova in the future and what will be their offspring.
Twenty two million nine hundred twenty nine thousand one hundred seventy one
Book: "From cretin to genius»
In fact, the effect of operations Voronov, and injections of Broun-sekara, was short-lived. Subsequently, scientists found that the substance contained in the testes, is testosterone, it has only a temporary impact on the human body. The scientific community has turned away from Raven, Newspapers, glorifying his experiments, now mocked him. It was built on false accusations, for example, already in 1990-ies there has been speculation that he is in the course of its operations brought the AIDS virus to man. Only recently, medicine has once again recognized the merits of the embankment in the fight against old age.
Ravens died September 3, 1951, at the age of 85 years, in Lausanne. The death of Professor shrouded in mystery. It is known that in the Swiss city on the lake, he was treated for the effects of the fall — the ravens broke his leg. He was disturbed by a pain in his chest. Presumably, the cause of his death was pneumonia or a blood clot that has moved from the legs to the heart. "The ravens must have died from the effects of syphilis, which he contracted during one of transplants," the gloating detractors. It is believed that the ashes of a surgeon was transferred in nice and is buried at the Russian cemetery of Cocad. However, in studies of the cemetery and its archives such a burial was found. There is his grave and both mentovskij cemeteries. "Nobody knows, rests his body in Menton, or he was cremated in Switzerland," says Swiss researcher W Th. Nau.
Two years later, the grieving widow re-married the Portuguese Prince Da Foz. The ceremony was led by the Bishop of Monaco. "The bride was very elegant in a dress of grey-blue laces and the same color hat with feather and gorgeous Cape of mink, covering her shoulders" — wrote the newspaper "Nice Matin" November 1, 1953.
While transplant surgery has taken another step forward. A year later saw the world Premier – kidney transplant from a living donor, the identical twin brother. In the 1960s, the death rates of the recipient in such transactions reached 81% when taking kidneys from the deceased, and 52% if the donor was alive.
Fifty one million four hundred twenty seven thousand four hundred forty three
Interestingly, ravens, Creator of such areas of medicine as cell therapy or hormone theory of aging, was not alone in the desire to study the effects of sex hormones, and speculated that they can be used for rejuvenation. At the same time on the other side to the problem approached chemists and pharmacists. So, they are actively interested in the testosterone: influence of this hormone on the body and methods of its synthesis.
First did it on may 27, 1935 Professor of pharmacology from Amsterdam Ernst Laqueur. He received a hormone, which secured the title "testosterone", reworking a huge amount of testes of bulls, issued the work "About the male hormone in crystalline form, obtained from the testicles".
Also in 1935 by the German chemist Adolf Butenandt invented the chemical formula of obtaining testosterone. He worked on farmkompanii "shares" in Berlin, which managed to survive the First world war without compromising production. In 1923, due to inflation, the company received a huge profit, and some portion of income spent on the collection of 25,000 liters of urine at police officers — this amount would be enough to fill an Olympic swimming pool. Her patient, Butenandt removed 15 milligrams relatively inactive breakdown product of testosterone, which he called Androsterone. He quickly came to the conclusion that this method of obtaining hormone is too time-consuming (and unpleasant), so I invented a more simple way, still relevant today. Chemist methodically brought the structure of the hormone and then made his from cholesterol, as does the body itself. August 24, 1935, he sent a description of this process and sample the product in a German chemical journal.
Sometimes great discoveries are made in parallel. A week later, Leopold Ruzicka, a chemist who worked in pharmaceutical company "Ciba" (the predecessor of the company, "Novartis") in Zurich, announced that it has received a patent for a method of production of testosterone from cholesterol. For this, both the researcher and Butenandt Ruzicka in 1939 was awarded the Nobel prize.
In 1940 the Nazis occupied France, and ruled their Vichy confiscated all the equipment of the laboratory Voronov, all his archives and documents in his Palace on the Cote d'azur. He had to flee from Algeria in neutral Switzerland. There are local authorities forbade him to engage in "rejuvenation" and the rest of his days – in 1951 – the ravens were an ordinary retiree. He lived 85 years.
In the USSR the main enthusiast of these practitioner was Dr. Ilya Ivanovich Ivanov (died in 1932).
It is the experiments of Ilya Ivanov and became a fiction in the Soviet Union, acquiring every year is speculation. Ivanov allegedly led the "hybrid human" – half man, half APE, half.
Seventy one million nine hundred twenty eight thousand two hundred eighty seven
In 1999, the name Raven again on the rumor appeared in the press speculation that the virus syndrome immunodeficita opened in 1980-ies, was "delivered" to mankind. During his direct Voronov allegedly moved AIDS from monkeys to patients. However, subsequent years have been kinder to his reputation, and the reissue of the books even improved it. In 2008 in the Russian language, he published his book "From cretin to genius." In it the scientist shows himself a talented storyteller, talking about heredity, and quite realistic explains that thought is the result of a chemical reaction in which a decisive role is played by the thyroid secretions.
Today the name Voronov is in the list of famous residents of Lausanne together with the names of the writer Georges Simenon, choreographer Maurice Bejart, jeweler Carl Faberge and other prominent figures of the recent era.
Also interesting: 5 people who took with him to the grave of the greatest mysteries in the history
What's next? Aging is the most dangerous in the life of the game
Yet the dream of eternal youth and sexual activity descendants Voronova from medicine divided into two parts: external and functional. For the first was invented cosmetic surgery and numerous rejuvenation techniques. For the second viagra. But the idea Voronov about the supply the body with hormones, the production of which declines with age, is actively used by doctors. Certainly, and other scientific discoveries awaiting man in this way.published
P. S. And remember, only by changing their consumption — together we change the world! ©
Source: masterok.livejournal.com/3008532.html
After the long-awaited publication of "heart of a Dog" in the Soviet Union in 1987, the sympathy of readers and viewers was entirely on the side of the Transfiguration Professor.
Ninety three million six hundred eight thousand three hundred forty five
What does a Professor? Makes transplants people gonads of monkeys. For what? As it is not fantastic it sounds — Yes, for rejuvenation! Few people know that the prototype of the Transfiguration Professor was Russian Expat physician Sergei Voronov.
About his experiments in those years was all over the papers. But first, let's look further in the story…
In 1817, the British colony on the island of Mauritius in the American-French family there is an amazing child. Even the name he had dual Franco-Saxon: Charles Eduard brown-Sekar. You could put a comma: a citizen of the world.
His father, a sailor, and one day he returned from a voyage, and the mother alone to raise a son. Charles Edward learned mainly French culture, even to the end of his days spoke with a noticeable English accent. As a young man he went to Paris to study medicine. Subsequently, traveled around the world, working in different countries, but that France remained his alma mater, and then home to his glory.
Thirty five million three hundred five thousand six hundred nine
In 1846, a young doctor returned to the island of Mauritius. Just at this time on the island was an outbreak of cholera and Broun-Sekar selflessly fought for the lives of patients. Already in those years he combined medical practice with research.
Then he went to his father's homeland, in the United States, worked in leading hospitals, taught at Harvard University. After a few years of Broun-Sekar moved to London, where for several years he worked at the hospital for paralytics and epileptics. And everywhere he conducted in-depth research, wrote the works of scientists who have enriched medical science. Often the scientist experimented on himself, though in the printed works referred to anonymous patients.
He was already over fifty, when he received French citizenship, and since then never left France. In 1869 he became Professor of the medical faculty, and another ten years headed the faculty of experimental physiology at the Collège de France. This was the place of his bold experiments on the transplantation of tissues and organs of animals. In 1886, brown-Sekar was elected as a member of the French Academy of Sciences.
For seventy years the Professor felt a noticeable decrease in mental and physical activity. But there is still so much work to do, so many ideas!.. He remembered that in animals the peak of activity coincides with the period of puberty. This observation was the impetus for a new series of experiments. Moreover, as the "Guinea pig" was made by the scientist himself. He did infusion of tissue taken from the testicles of young dogs and Guinea pigs; this liquid a scientist injected himself under the skin. Injection was extremely painful. But that pain subsided, and the old Professor felt that it gradually returns to its former strength, sharpness of mind, and increases sexual vitality.
June 1, 1889, Charles Edouard brown-Sekar made a report to the Biological Society. It was a scientific sensation! The Professor told his colleagues about the results: I gave specific data about increasing muscle mass, improving the work of the rectum and urogenital system, brain activity. Colleagues stood and applauded the scientist.
The report soon came in pamphlet form and became widely known. Aging celebrities and the rich, especially females, have filled up the Professor's pleas: give us back the youth! In order to ensure financing of further studies of Broun-Sekar began selling the extract for injection under the name "Skardin". The audience immediately dubbed the drug "elixir of youth".
Seventy million five hundred eighty six thousand nine hundred fifty five
In the midst of the hype around "Scardina" his Creator with horror felt that his condition was deteriorating, there comes a complete breakdown, mental and sexual activity. The aging process has accelerated, a luminary of medicine waned and was extinguished in five years.
In the name of Broun-sekara has many legends. Told me that during the cholera epidemic he was eating the droppings from infected patients to experience symptoms of the onset of the disease; he injected fresh blood into the severed head of the executed criminal, trying to revive her; that he transplanted a dog a second head, grafted a cat's tail of the cock... no Wonder the image of the scientist-experimenter is reflected in contemporary literature. For example, poet and writer Villiers de l'isle-Adam portrayed Broun-sekara in the Novella series "Strange stories".
Subsequently, scientists found that a substance extracted Broun-Sekar from the testicles of animals, had no effect on the hormonal activities of the human body. But the initial effect experienced by the old Professor and some patients were due to psychological reasons, the so-called placebo.
Despite this misconception of Broun-sekara (how many of them know the history of science!) physicians thought highly of his works. And for some colleagues the confusion related to the "elixir of youth" looked as a defeat, but as a tempting direction for future research. This successor was our compatriot, a famous French surgeon.
Eleven million one hundred ninety three thousand forty two
In Europe, it was known under the name of Serge Voronoff. Sergei Voronov was born, or rather, Samuel Abramovich ravens in July of 1866 in a village near Voronezh. He graduated from high school, where, unlike schools, the Jews were allowed, and at age 18 went to France to continue his education.
After studying at the Sorbonne and Higher medical school, in 1907, Sergei Voronov naturalized, and received a French passport. Russian student was the favorite pupil of the French surgeon and biologist Alexis Carrel, who in 1912 the Nobel prize in physiology or medicine, which have gained the knowledge on the surgical technique of organ transplantation.
Then for fourteen years the ravens went to Egypt, where he made a remarkable career, becoming surgeon and court physician at the court of the Khedive. He made a great contribution to the development of the health system in this country opened a hospital for infectious diseases, created a school for nurses and founded the Egyptian medical journal. It was in Egypt in 1898, the ravens close for the first time considered interesting medical phenomenon of the eunuchs of the Khedive. With surprise he learned that boys castrated at 6-7 years, long before the body will stop its growth and development. Observation of the eunuchs gave Raven the idea of the importance of the sexual glands of secretion: deprived of their men were often ill, differed imperfect bone structure, obesity, and even their ability to think was affected: the eunuchs were given bad memorizing verses from the Koran. These accidents appeared inherent in the elderly signs: gray hair, clouding of the cornea, and they died early.
What if the secret to vitality and longevity hiding in his gonads? So the ravens came to the idea to stimulate the aging body transplantation the seminal glands. He has long experimented on animals: transplanted the old goats, sheep and bulls glands young, they started to jump again and mate. Slowed his path to the practice of rejuvenation of the First world war: the ravens became the chief surgeon of the Russian military hospital in Paris. There he treated the wounded, using the bones of apes to create orthopedic prosthetics for soldiers.
Ninety nine million ninety nine thousand three hundred fifty two
Back in Paris, the ravens began a series of experiments on the transplantation of animal tissues sick people. Slices of glands from chimpanzees he was transplanted to patients suffering from thyroid diseases. Operations brought a noticeable effect. This method proved to be effective in the treatment of dementia. The name of Sergei Voronov and thundered in Russia.
Illustrated weekly "Sparks" wrote in 1914:
«Sensational discovery. In the French medical Academy, our countryman, Dr. Sergei Voronov, made a sensational message about the transactions made by him in his clinic over a 14-year-old boy idiot. From the age of six mental development of the boy stopped, and clearly marked all the signs of abnormalities and cretinism: an extinct sight, stupidity and lack of understanding of the most ordinary things. The ravens did this boy vaccinated thymus monkeys. The success exceeded expectations. The boy came to life a look, there was mental capacity, intelligence, curiosity. Dr. ravens – a former employee of Carrel".
In the early 20th century, biological knowledge has moved forward with giant steps. The winner of the Nobel prize in physiology or medicine Karl Landsteiner had identified the blood group. Alexis Carrel opened the door to transplant surgery of organs. But a huge distance separated that era from the medical ethical principles of modernity, doctors were not afraid of anything, the most daring interference with the human body seemed to be usual steps on the path to a brilliant future.
Eighty million seven hundred eighty seven thousand eight hundred ninety four
On the poster: "Serge Voronoff. Transplantation of testicles from a monkey to human. Colonel in retirement, veteran of the Indian Campaign in good form after surgery»
Voronov had only to use the scientific discoveries of his contemporaries, combining them with brilliant possession of practical surgery. In 1920, Dr. Voronov has performed the first surgery on the man, he planted the thyroid gland of a monkey, and then moved to transplant the gonads. From a technical point of view the operation, did the surgeon not replaced one on another, and added to the human testis slim "cuts" of the drug, prijigauschee (as then was considered) in the recipient's body and begins to produce sex hormones. Rather, it could be called "grafting" monkey energy.
Interestingly, at first he was in France an advertising campaign in favour of organ donation, but have not found volunteers willing to part with their sex glands. Potential candidates or asked for an incredible price, or stood on such a low rung of the social ladder that the proposed material was already worthless... it was Decided to take parts from great apes, a Primate.
"Lee will surpass the monkey man as their bodies, stronger the physical shell, is less exposed to bad heredity: gout, alcoholism, syphilis? I don't know, but I can say that when transplanting the thyroid gland and testicles, the organs of the monkeys gave better results than human organs," wrote Dr. Voronov in "a Study about old age and rejuvenation by the method of direct".
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The doctor and his assistant, a monkey on the operating table.
In 1920-30-ies Sergei Voronov served as Director of the laboratory of experimental surgery at the "Collège de France". These years had the era of his surgical triumphs. He gave his patients the thyroid, gonads and ovaries: the order of 500 operations in France, as well as an uncountable number of them in the clinic in Algeria. He operated in the US, where the New York Times was devoted to the details of his surgeries, reports on the front pages. Now it is not possible to find, with a clinic in Switzerland collaborated ravens, most likely him, and here was the practice. His patients were entrepreneurs, politicians, artists and even from 65 to 85 years. Transplant cost the huge money, the ravens became fabulously rich.
Soon all the world "Voronov method" worked for 45 surgeons and professors. Doctors organized expeditions to Africa for the monkeys, and some of them sincerely regretted that we cannot take the organs from those sentenced to death. At the same time with Voronov in Switzerland practiced another famous surgeon, Paul Niehans (1882-1971). In his luxury clinic in Montreux he became a pioneer of cell therapy – based on his method of rejuvenation was the introduction into the patient of embryonic cells, also obtained from the gonads.
At the same time the ravens conducted experiments on regeneration in animals – sheep, goats and bulls. He grafted thin slices from the testicles of young animals into the scrotum old animals, they had the energy and zeal of the young. Finally my turn to monkeys and humans. Tell you that the first transplant people the ravens did for millionaires, and the eggs he took from executed criminals. Clearly, this material was limited, so the main "donors" were chimpanzees and baboons. The first recorded transplantation of the glands of a monkey to a human took place on June 12, 1920. And three years later Sergei Voronov made a sensational report at the international Congress of surgeons in London. Seven hundred colleagues applauded the success Voronova. His published works, such as "Rejuvenation by grafting", became widely known throughout the world, including in Soviet Russia.
The unique method of Dr. Voronov made him the richest physician in the world. Surgery in his clinics in France and in Algeria were put on stream. His clients were millionaires, politicians, stars of stage and screen. To meet the growing demand for interchange of material, he had to start his own apery.
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Ravens and he led the life of a rich man and stars: take the first floor first-class hotel, kept two mistresses, a large staff of servants, secretaries, guards and chauffeurs. However, his lawful wife did not complain about the lack of attention from the spouse, but the first two died one after the other, only the third survived her husband.
A brilliant writer, the ravens had released several books that have become bestsellers in the 1920-ies. So, in the "Rejuvenation by grafting" he says that activity increases sexual desire, memory, hearing, sight and incredibly increases efficiency. But it would be vulgar to claim that Dr. Voronov was only interested in the continuation of the sexual functions of man. He wanted – no more, no less – to give people eternal youth and to conquer death.
"Death outraged man as the greatest of injustices, because he holds intimate memories of his own immortality," wrote ravens in the book "to Live. Research ways to stimulate the vital energy and increase life expectancy", published in Paris in 1920. "Every cell component body, and which at first was unified and independent, reminisces about his infinite and eternal life and screaming in terror before his own death from its connection with other cells... dying for billions of years, cells merged, forming increasingly complex structures, from the simplest organism amoeba to the top of the creation of man, and that harmonious unification is often violated, which leads to terrible immoral phenomenon of death."
Method of rejuvenation by Voronov inspired writers. From the pen of Mikhail Bulgakov he became Professor Preobrazhensky from the novel "heart of a Dog". As we remember, the Creator of the ball not only gave the human the pituitary gland the dog, but also earned a living, restoring the potency of the old and depraved enemies of the revolution. And Conan Doyle brought Russian doctor in the story about the adventures of Sherlock Holmes "the Man on all fours."
About 1925 a new inhabitant of the côte d'azur has caused a lot of noise — Sergei Voronov bought the Grimaldi castle, a large estate on the Italian side, located a few hundred meters from Menton. French surgeon with a Russian name there equipped laboratory and breeding of monkeys in your own garden. Locked in metal cages, chimpanzees, orangutans, and baboons were uneasy: it seemed that they never for a moment doubted that awaits them... they Say their master is not confined to transfers obezyanyi glands men, but also involved in reproductive function of women. He transplanted oocytes in women after menopause, and then his imagination went further, to transplant female egg monkey and try to impregnate her with human sperm. These works have increasingly alienated it from Faust's closer to Frankenstein.
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Grimaldi Palace
Clearly, the ravens take their experiences seriously. But experience has shown that, although transplantation of testes could for some time to stimulate sexual activity and libido, it will not restore worn-out heart, blood vessels and other necessary for vital organs.
... In the Grimaldi Palace, called the Palace Voronov, year-round lived brother Sergei, Alexander Voronov, managed the estate. He died in Auschwitz during the Second world war. In 1940 the Nazis confiscated all the equipment of the laboratory Voronov, all his archives and documents in the Palace on the French Riviera. The doctor himself during the war he lived in new York with his third wife. And after the liberation of France returned, finding a at home utter destruction and several hungry monkeys.
However, while the ravens haven't been Samanyolu. The crown is the miracle surgeon fell out of his head a few years after the outbreak of the first experiments in transplanting gonads. English Lord, one of the most "successful" of his patients, pomolodevshimi after vaccination obezyanyi hormones from own excesses died two years after operation. And the other patients were also not among the centenarians. Perhaps they euphoric as in the first months after the scalpel, Dr. Voronov was due to the placebo effect.
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Gertie, the third wife of a surgeon was younger than his 49 years
That's all changed. Those who applauded Voronov, now laughed at him. The doctor took hard criticism. He spent several years in a depression, and then went head first into the fun, which had sought his patients in endless parties, travel and love Affairs. Married for the third time. The third wife of a native of a village near Voronezh, shiny beautiful Gertie, or Gertrude, was 49 years younger than him — Austrian citizen, Romanian by birth, a cousin of official mistress of a Romanian king Karol Magda Lupescu. (Voronova first wife, Marguerite Barbe, was a poet, fan of the Rosicrucian order, the marriage ended in divorce. Second, the daughter of an American oil millionaire Evelyn Bostwick, was passionately in love with Voronov, became his devoted helper. To marry him, she divorced the count Périgny, but died of cancer three years after the wedding, in 1921.) Gerty lived with Voronov for 15 years, until his death.
Thank Voronov was a bit "sisalana", as the French say. The doctor didn't hide the fact that its operation conduct including violent sexual activity, hence the unhealthy hype surrounding his activities. Manipulation of the testicles were the subject of many jokes and popular verses in the Old and New world. In France in these years came into Vogue ashtray, decorated with a statuette of a monkey covering legs genitals and says: "No, Voronoff will not take me!"On the other hand, thoughtful authors have expressed concern – because no one knew the consequences of waiting patients Voronova in the future and what will be their offspring.
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Book: "From cretin to genius»
In fact, the effect of operations Voronov, and injections of Broun-sekara, was short-lived. Subsequently, scientists found that the substance contained in the testes, is testosterone, it has only a temporary impact on the human body. The scientific community has turned away from Raven, Newspapers, glorifying his experiments, now mocked him. It was built on false accusations, for example, already in 1990-ies there has been speculation that he is in the course of its operations brought the AIDS virus to man. Only recently, medicine has once again recognized the merits of the embankment in the fight against old age.
Ravens died September 3, 1951, at the age of 85 years, in Lausanne. The death of Professor shrouded in mystery. It is known that in the Swiss city on the lake, he was treated for the effects of the fall — the ravens broke his leg. He was disturbed by a pain in his chest. Presumably, the cause of his death was pneumonia or a blood clot that has moved from the legs to the heart. "The ravens must have died from the effects of syphilis, which he contracted during one of transplants," the gloating detractors. It is believed that the ashes of a surgeon was transferred in nice and is buried at the Russian cemetery of Cocad. However, in studies of the cemetery and its archives such a burial was found. There is his grave and both mentovskij cemeteries. "Nobody knows, rests his body in Menton, or he was cremated in Switzerland," says Swiss researcher W Th. Nau.
Two years later, the grieving widow re-married the Portuguese Prince Da Foz. The ceremony was led by the Bishop of Monaco. "The bride was very elegant in a dress of grey-blue laces and the same color hat with feather and gorgeous Cape of mink, covering her shoulders" — wrote the newspaper "Nice Matin" November 1, 1953.
While transplant surgery has taken another step forward. A year later saw the world Premier – kidney transplant from a living donor, the identical twin brother. In the 1960s, the death rates of the recipient in such transactions reached 81% when taking kidneys from the deceased, and 52% if the donor was alive.
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Interestingly, ravens, Creator of such areas of medicine as cell therapy or hormone theory of aging, was not alone in the desire to study the effects of sex hormones, and speculated that they can be used for rejuvenation. At the same time on the other side to the problem approached chemists and pharmacists. So, they are actively interested in the testosterone: influence of this hormone on the body and methods of its synthesis.
First did it on may 27, 1935 Professor of pharmacology from Amsterdam Ernst Laqueur. He received a hormone, which secured the title "testosterone", reworking a huge amount of testes of bulls, issued the work "About the male hormone in crystalline form, obtained from the testicles".
Also in 1935 by the German chemist Adolf Butenandt invented the chemical formula of obtaining testosterone. He worked on farmkompanii "shares" in Berlin, which managed to survive the First world war without compromising production. In 1923, due to inflation, the company received a huge profit, and some portion of income spent on the collection of 25,000 liters of urine at police officers — this amount would be enough to fill an Olympic swimming pool. Her patient, Butenandt removed 15 milligrams relatively inactive breakdown product of testosterone, which he called Androsterone. He quickly came to the conclusion that this method of obtaining hormone is too time-consuming (and unpleasant), so I invented a more simple way, still relevant today. Chemist methodically brought the structure of the hormone and then made his from cholesterol, as does the body itself. August 24, 1935, he sent a description of this process and sample the product in a German chemical journal.
Sometimes great discoveries are made in parallel. A week later, Leopold Ruzicka, a chemist who worked in pharmaceutical company "Ciba" (the predecessor of the company, "Novartis") in Zurich, announced that it has received a patent for a method of production of testosterone from cholesterol. For this, both the researcher and Butenandt Ruzicka in 1939 was awarded the Nobel prize.
In 1940 the Nazis occupied France, and ruled their Vichy confiscated all the equipment of the laboratory Voronov, all his archives and documents in his Palace on the Cote d'azur. He had to flee from Algeria in neutral Switzerland. There are local authorities forbade him to engage in "rejuvenation" and the rest of his days – in 1951 – the ravens were an ordinary retiree. He lived 85 years.
In the USSR the main enthusiast of these practitioner was Dr. Ilya Ivanovich Ivanov (died in 1932).
It is the experiments of Ilya Ivanov and became a fiction in the Soviet Union, acquiring every year is speculation. Ivanov allegedly led the "hybrid human" – half man, half APE, half.
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In 1999, the name Raven again on the rumor appeared in the press speculation that the virus syndrome immunodeficita opened in 1980-ies, was "delivered" to mankind. During his direct Voronov allegedly moved AIDS from monkeys to patients. However, subsequent years have been kinder to his reputation, and the reissue of the books even improved it. In 2008 in the Russian language, he published his book "From cretin to genius." In it the scientist shows himself a talented storyteller, talking about heredity, and quite realistic explains that thought is the result of a chemical reaction in which a decisive role is played by the thyroid secretions.
Today the name Voronov is in the list of famous residents of Lausanne together with the names of the writer Georges Simenon, choreographer Maurice Bejart, jeweler Carl Faberge and other prominent figures of the recent era.
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Yet the dream of eternal youth and sexual activity descendants Voronova from medicine divided into two parts: external and functional. For the first was invented cosmetic surgery and numerous rejuvenation techniques. For the second viagra. But the idea Voronov about the supply the body with hormones, the production of which declines with age, is actively used by doctors. Certainly, and other scientific discoveries awaiting man in this way.published
P. S. And remember, only by changing their consumption — together we change the world! ©
Source: masterok.livejournal.com/3008532.html
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