Imagine a black hole in the solar system

It took a few weeks to as long as in the night sky began to happen strange things. You, like many others, actively follow the news. Speaker is the President, it is supported by astrophysicists, geologists and climatologists. He was nervous, but as a tribute to tradition, shares news on the "bad" and "good." The good news: we do not die, the planet is destroyed, it is not carried away into space and untwist in the gravity wheel. The bad: we are waiting for "a very interesting climate change." Trying to survive next to a black hole is like a flight from the "Titanic" - for cold death in the ocean.

According to the materials: howstuffworks.com





Before you reach for disturbing suitcase or start to go crazy: Do not be afraid, it's just a thought experiment. Black holes are one of the most terrible events in the universe. Their great weight bends space and time - and our understanding of their nature - to the limit, to a single point. Supermassive black holes (like this) lurk in the cores of galaxies, consuming millions, billions of stars.



What happens if you close to our solar system is born or discover a black hole?

As in most of hypothetical questions devil lies in the details. How close? Location? What is mass?

It should be noted immediately that our sun will never become a black hole. This requires a mass order than the sun - in the 10-15 times. Then the gravitational collapse happens, gravity collapses the matter literally at one point. A similar phenomenon is the basis and hydrogen bombs in the theory of cold fusion, except gravity plays a different role. Moreover, the role of potential black holes do not work and other stars in nearby galaxies. Most of them are red dwarfs have a mass, and in 8-60% of our sun.

It leaves two options: either a black hole spontaneously appear in our surroundings, either comes from nowhere. But the first, despite the protest against research on the Large Hadron Collider, is impossible (we'll explain why later).

As for the second, astronomy and astrophysics, confirmed the existence of around 2,000 stray black holes, but the chances that one of them come to us, is nearing zero. And as noted by the writer Douglas Adams:

"Space is great. You simply will not be able to realize how incredible and mind-bogglingly big it is. I mean, you may seem a long way in a drugstore, but it is by the standards of space seeds ».

This means that the probability of such events is too interesting not to see it closer.



The impact of black holes in the space and time

If you look at a black hole from a distance, it will be like any other massive objects. While she was in front of you, it obeys the laws of classical mechanics and Newton's law of universal gravitation, which states that the attraction between two objects is proportional to their mass and decreases with increasing distance. In other words, there is no difference between the gravity R136a1, «blue» dwarf weighing 265 suns and a black hole with the same weight.

Move closer to the black hole to get into its gravitational field, and you come up with two different sets of rules. With Einstein's general theory of relativity, which allows for the existence of black holes, bends space and time, and extreme gravity, which brings it to the extreme bending.

If you want to explore a black hole, not getting out of the spaceship, you will find that the closer you are to the Focusing huge mass, the greater your engines will be straining to keep you in a circular orbit. First, a little momentum missiles could stabilize it; but the more, the more energy you have to spend in order to stay on orbit. As a result, only the non-stop work of the rocket engines will separate you from consuming anything.



Once you run out of fuel (or you will go mad and turn off engines), you cross the event horizon of a black hole, the border, because of which not even light can return. After that, you will have to answer for all their sins. Nothing can stop the inexorable movement towards a singularity - an infinitely compressed kernel space and time, where the physics, as we know it, rolled into a ball and whines.

As you progress will slow down time. Very much. From your point of view, nothing will change, but your friends, watch your trick, see if greased lightning. But only until the event horizon - beyond the light does not go out, so to see you, no one can. The perfect crime, is not it?

Gravitational curvature of the time - a phenomenon quite ordinary, but too weak to be seen. On Earth, for example, lived a billion years at sea level, you will be a second younger than your same age, lived at the top of Mount Everest. They say time is afraid of pyramids, but you have to spend too much time leaning against her cheek to feel the slowing of time in Paris.

The black hole is spinning like a top time. When we say that we fall into the singularity can not be avoided, it is not only the relentless action of gravity or distortion of space. Time in a black hole is compressed to such an extent that the way into the singularity literally becomes your future. Escape from the singularity is like trying to stop time.

Want to know what will happen in our own solar system, if ugorazdilo get into a maelstrom of forces? Read on.



Doomsday

Suppose that the black hole in a binary system is locked in an embrace with a star, which is preparing to become a supernova. Suddenly it occurs, the gravitational giant fires in our direction at speeds of hundreds of kilometers per second. How will we know?

The answer is simple: I do not know as long as it does not collide with anything, as the massive gravity of black holes does not let even light. So, instead of trying to find black pepper on a black carpet, let's look at a few ways that will help us to directly determine the black hole.

Firstly, the matter torn black hole will emit radiation as the rotation of the disk accretion. The space around will glow like Christmas lights necklace worn by a cat (a strange fantasy, but so be it).

Second, the distortion of space around the black hole can be detected terrestrial methods. This gravitational lensing predicted in the framework of the general theory of relativity. The effect is close to a massive object and recorded by astronomers. (This is a way to try to use to search for dark matter).



Even under ideal conditions, to detect a black hole so it will be harder than finding fleas on a dog spotted the night with binoculars. With an eye patch. For a successful gravitational lensing black hole must pass between us and the star. And then we still must be lucky.

In addition, the black hole can come back to haunt, if interact gravitationally with celestial objects such as planets, stars, asteroids and comets, which again brings us to the key question: how close will settle our hypothetical black hole lurking in the neighborhood?

Of course, the closer, the more dangerous. As we approach the orbit of the planets and moons will be dancing salsa like a sparrow, trapped in the web, dragging curves orbit and disturbing order, which are trying to gather piecemeal from the time of Copernicus.

Here on Earth, we would change tides and color of the sky. If gravity is on the order of Zhirinovsky, take away the planet's orbit farther from the sun, bring it, make it more elliptical, in the best case we will suffer from temperature changes and oddities with the seasons. In the worst case scenario (in addition, to become part of the black hole), the Earth could fall in the sun or go on a long voyage into the depths of space, dooming us all on a cold death.

Renowned astrophysicist Neil de Grasse Tyson once succinctly expressed the problems that arise when close to be acquired "black guest»:

"When we visit the black hole at the solar system would be a bad day».

Well, let's not shifting from foot to foot in front of the event horizon and the dive finally.



Contact: good and bad news

Supermassive black hole. The spectrogram of a telescope "Hubble". NASA.

In the Russian language there is a word of six letters that would best describe what awaits us. Let's call this a doom. Scientists have learned to divide by zero, and we ended up in a black hole. Even Bruce Willis with a brave crew of oil that has passed special training in Chelyabinsk would not have saved us.

A black hole in the vicinity of Neptune, we would immediately feel it. Scientists know the orbit of Neptune, so good that they can detect even a deviation of 1 arc second (unit of angular measure). Plain black hole with a mass of ten suns, flying at a speed of 300 km / c issued to himself even at a distance of one-tenth of a light year.

And there you have the last piece of good news: the black hole of this size would give us at least 100 years to finish their earthly affairs. Perhaps the danger of such a scale will stop all earthly war or begin one global. Perhaps mankind will have time to destroy themselves on their own as soon learns that in a hundred years - all kaput. While it does not matter. If the hole will move slower fatal latency will increase tenfold. It was then time to build the ark or charges planetary suitcase with things should suffice.

As an approach to Neptune, the Black Death pulls gas giant orbit. The planet begins to behave strangely as the distance from happening redshift - the wavelength of its radiation, including the light goes red spectrum. Once Neptune turns of the black hole, the gravitational lens is stretched on a black sphere and wraps around her. When the planet appears again already in front of us, experiencing its colors blue shift - wavelength goes into this end of the spectrum.

Red and blue shift, as a rule, is a consequence of the removal or approaching stellar object toward us. It sounds like the Doppler effect.

At the same time, like a black hole 'eats' the planet, the gas will be twisted into a spiral gravity as sugar during the making cotton candy. From our point of view, the spiral will ever go into the event horizon. But the light emitted by the death of Neptune, is reflected from the black hole in the negative, as the solar corona during an eclipse.

The closer to the black hole to Earth, the more it will manifest itself around the distortion effect as in a distorting mirror. All telescopes will see only emptiness at the center of a black hole.

If our black death will be a supermassive black hole, the story is already over - its event horizon will be five times larger than the solar system. But it's boring. Let's see how one of these monsters look inside.



End of the world or the Looking Glass

You climb up the rabbit hole, knowing that your acquaintance with him will be very short. We hope that we will have time even to estimate the interior of a black hole. Luckily for us, but unfortunately for the Solar System, this black hole - a supermassive. We have changed the rules, but if we did not, everything would have ended for some reason.

In a small black hole - for example, with a mass of 30 suns - tidal forces caused by the increasing gravity would tear us long before we reached the event horizon. But there's gravity is somewhere in a million of the earth. In fact, to enjoy the victory - because we have reached the event horizon - we will not be 0 and 0001 seconds.

The supermassive black hole with a mass of 5 million suns, like the one that is located in the center of our galaxy, we are waiting for a completely different experience. Any black hole, absorbing a lot more than 30 thousand suns have tidal forces with gravity less than one Earth at the event horizon. We will have 16 seconds to look around (and change the rules of the game), before we reach the point of singularity. The greater the mass, the longer the time.

The fall through the event horizon similar to the process of falling asleep, or love: difficult to define a reference point when it will happen, but when your sense of reality is quite different. The black hole you'll see the stars (the light gets inside, but not vice versa), but the space around will resemble a bubble.

Well, after you crushed to nothing, you will get to a point of infinite curvature, where known to us time and space comes to an end.

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