Technical innovations that changed the sport

Today the sport is already far not what it was in Ancient Greece. Because life has changed a lot. There is a lot of technical novelties. Today, the achievements of civilization have become so familiar that we do not see how an integral part of the life they have become.

Changed the sport, becoming not just others, but also more entertaining. Inventions of the last century have transformed the sport into an exact science. We were carefully considered millimeters, milliseconds. Describe below about the technical innovations that have changed the sport, giving it modern features.

Seventy seven million seven hundred seventy eight thousand sixty eight



Electronic scoreboard. The first electronic scoreboard appeared at the stadium in 1964 when it put in my English football club Coventry. The original scoreboard was mechanical. They used a special plate, which was moved manually to the desired location. Could use wheels and rails with figures, movable along the Windows. Another option was the use of rocker solid sheets. Below is the scoreboard showed the correct information, it is necessary that next to him was constantly serving people. This design had a big drawback — a small number of placed information. The maximum that could show this Board — this is the name of the teams and the current score. Over time, Electromechanical design. They had the motors or the special magnets that allow you to move the mechanical elements at a distance. A new era for sports scoreboard came in 1961. Then the Americans Robert Bayard and Gary Pittman discovered, and then got a patent on the technology of infrared led. But in the stadiums together with the diodes for a long time used the outdated incandescent bulbs.

For example, at the Olympics-80 in Moscow, these scoreboards with incandescent lamps even showed the broadcast from the competition, however the picture was then black and white. How sports has changed with the arrival of the scoreboard? Today impossible to imagine without this invention none of the major stadium. Huge video screens to show TV picture. This is especially important for sports such as ski racing or racing. Because there are spectators in principle cannot observe directly the whole track. Even today, the scoreboard not only gives information about the current account, but also a lot of statistical information about the teams or the players. On the video screens even show information or picture on the progress of other games. Of course, not do without advertising. Modern screens are so versatile that the applications for them — weight.

Seventy seven million seven hundred fifty two thousand two hundred forty five



Timing. First people started to measure the time in seconds at sporting events in 1731. It happened in England. However, it took almost a hundred years, yet was created first suitable for use in the sports chronograph. It was made in 1820 by the Swiss watchmaker Abraham-Louis Breguet. The invention was distinguished by the fact that it was two seconds, which allowed to record the results of two athletes. Over time, watchmakers did everything new and enhanced products. In 1862, the result could already be measured with an accuracy of 0.2 seconds. Speed grew, such precision was not enough.

With 1902 results could already be measured with accuracy to 0.1 seconds. In 1930, the timing was to fix the results to the nearest 0.01. But this watch company did not stop at this. In Mexico city at the Olympics in 68, the accuracy reached 0.001 seconds, and three years later appeared the first electronic stopwatch. This is allowed since 1973 to record athletic records in track and field with an accuracy to ten thousandth of a second. The radio signal sinhroniziruete official chronograph and quartz digital oscilloscope. Similar developments began to appear in other sports. Today, Rado has learned to measure the speed of flight of a tennis ball when serving. In 1967, Omega specifically for swimmers developed touch panel. They only respond to the hand of the athlete, not being distracted by the wave pool. The precise timing allowed in the Olympics-72 to determine the winner. The Swede Gunnar Larsson ahead during the swim the 400-meter freestyle his rival, American Tim Maxx, Inc just in 0,0025 seconds. Thus, only through technical means managed to reveal the winner.

Eighty six million five hundred sixty five thousand eight hundred fifty two



Photofinish. First camera to determine the winner was used in 1890. Then there was the help determine the horse, the first to cross the finish line. In competitions people photo finish officially appeared in 1912, at the Olympics in Stockholm. It is impossible to imagine without the invention of the athletics, Cycling and motorcycling, racing and competition with a massive finish. In 1926, the finish line has been reborn.

In Denmark the local athletics Federation has shown a device that allows you to take in an accelerated mode. After 5 years came to light camera Kirby. This is a high speed device could combine the photo finish with avtonomera. She had just two lens. One looked at the finish line and the other on the chronometer, starting with the firing of the gun. Inside the camera, the film was hanging about with a record speed of 128 frames per second. In 1949 he was presented the first serial system under the name of photo finish Racend OMEGA Timer, and later it was called Photosprint. In 1952 it was used at the winter Olympics in Oslo.

Thanks to this new product and coined the term "photo finish". By the beginning of this century, the photo finish turned into digital. After all, the system Photosprint, despite their permanent improvement, and have remained with a number of congenital defects. Chief among them was the rapid end of the film. Moreover, it could be torn or jammed. Digital photo finish came in 1990, working initially in parallel with the film technology. However, the novelty quickly got rid of his shortcomings — small memory and speed of information transfer. Ultimately, it is the digital photo finish reigned in all stadiums, sending its film predecessor to the Museum.

Fifty one million six hundred eighteen thousand two hundred nineteen



Artificial ice. 7 Jan 1876 in London hosted a major event — has opened the world's first artificial ice rink. The first indoor ice rink appeared in Canada only in 1912. The owners, brothers Lester and Joe Patrick, thoroughly spent on this innovation. They spent 110 thousand dollars to the rink, accommodating 4,000 people. Later, the brothers created a second arena. Her engineers have created the largest refrigeration unit in the world. At this time the project cost already $ 210 thousand, but was able to accommodate 10 thousand people. Many bankers have critically looked at this investment, predicting the imminent bankruptcy brothers.

However, it turned out that the closed skating rinks were very popular. Soon Patrick was able to open hundreds of ice arenas in the United States and Canada. The technology nemiroski ice gradually improved. At first he was rolled by hand. This process was quite difficult and lengthy. Water poured from the hose, then work with special shovels, knives and towels levelled ice. In 40-ies of the last century, the canadian Frank Zamboni invented the world's first ice harvester. First, the basis for it was made by an army jeep. Today the world has built many ice arenas, so logical was the organization of serial production of such machines. Today the rink is aligned with two of the harvesters, this is usually enough three minutes. Today artificial ice rink is gradually changing synthetic. The new coating consists of thermopla based on the polyolefin. It is possible to ride on conventional skates with metal blades. Practice has shown that these skates are cheaper those where artificial ice. Because their operation is easier and reliability higher. Therefore rinks with synthetic ice is becoming more prevalent in Europe, USA and Canada.

Sixty eight million three hundred ninety nine thousand eight hundred ninety five



Artificial lighting. The first football match with use of artificial light took place in England in 1878. While electricity was not invented, all the competitions were held in the stadiums exclusively in the daytime. Introduced gas lamps could not give light enough for a large Playground. Novelty, electric light, quickly gained recognition not only in everyday life but also in sports. In 1878, he held the most historical fight in which the stadium "Bramall lane" between teams from the County of Sheffield. Then the light gave the lamp, set on nine wooden pillars. They went from the wire to the Dynamo-machines. But light was not enough. In 1892, Scottish club Celtic have decided to improve the idea by hanging a few dozen strong lamp directly over the field. But the idea quickly died as the ball would sometimes hit the wires and broke the bulb. The penetration of electricity in the sports facilities was slow, in this particular need was not for long. Massive stadiums with artificial light sources only began in the second half of the twentieth century.

In the life of a broke TV and live events demanded high-quality lighting. Today, the sports coverage is called a full-fledged industry, which has its rules and regulations. For football fields, tennis courts and other playgrounds have their own rules. When designing new stadiums and take into account such an important figure as the uniformity of illumination. To do this, the floodlights have stopped to put on free-standing masts, the light sources now place in the top part of the stadium structures.

Seventy six million eight hundred seven thousand four hundred twenty eight



Indoor stadium. The world's first indoor Playground was created for hockey in Montreal in 1899. To hide the stadiums from the weather was needed in places where the weather makes it impossible to stay long on stands. Not every fan will withstand frost, rain and wind. In football indoor stadiums appeared EN masse only in the 1950s and 1960s. Today, the biggest indoor stadium located in New Orleans. "Superdome" we can accommodate nearly 73 thousand spectators. Such scales imply spending millions of dollars. But smaller and much cheaper. Therefore, basketball, volleyball, hockey and handball, like many others, has long moved under the roof. However, there are opposite situation. So, in those countries where the hot sun shines all year round, modern technologies allow to create ski slopes. For example, in 1987 in South Australia Adelaide established the first complex of its kind — Thebarton. Then it was a novelty, today it is one of the most modest kind.

Recently in the middle of the Arabian desert, was built the world's largest indoor stadium. Decided to build it in an unusual place, the head of the Emirates Dubai Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al Maktoum. Ski stadium called Ski Dubai contains just five tracks, the longest of them 400 metres. The stadium can also be concerned with bobsleigh and snowboarding, there is a track for tobogganing. Children can shoot snowballs in a special dash and stroll through the ice cave. Today indoor stadiums — an indispensable attribute of modern sport. It is recognized by all. So if you need a new sports facility do or from an indoor or equip it with a retractable roof. The most recent example of this sort of a new retractable roof built over the main court at Wimbledon. The British tired to depend on the capricious of nature, shifting the matches due to rain.

Ninety one million fifty one thousand three hundred seventy seven



Dope. People sometimes stop at nothing to achieve the result. With the development of medicine she came to the sport. In 1865 was the first recorded case of doping, the story became a Dutch swimmers. In fact, the history of doping is much older, he is as old as the sport. Because people are always trying to improve his body, studying what substances can contribute to this. Even the ancient athletes used doping, however, he was much more harmless current. Then used mushrooms, hash, and lamb testicles was supposed to increase the level of male testosterone.

In Ancient Egypt, and Ancient Rome knew about those products, which could encourage the athlete. Over time, the athletes believed in the power of crushed hooves, bovine blood, honey and dates. But by the beginning of XX century began to use artificial synthesized drugs — codeine, strychnine, and caffeine. They at that time were simply unsafe, leading repeatedly to the death of athletes. Starting in 1928, turned the purposeful fight against doping. Then the international Amateur athletic Federation banned the use in their disciplines any stimulant.

But only since 1963, the opposition to doping has adopted a broader framework. Then the Council of Europe created the Commission to combat sports banned drugs. The following year the IOC adopted the Medical code. The Olympics in Mexico city in 1968 was the first, when they began to take samples for doping. Since then, pharmacists have come up with new tools and tricks, on the other hand, the norms and the list of banned substances are constantly changing. None of the last Olympics was not without some doping scandal. Often they led to a change of control medals.

Thirty four million three hundred two thousand two hundred twenty seven



High-tech materials. In sports the use of new materials began in 1932 when synthetic fibers began to be produced in Germany. New materials have become another opportunity to achieve good results, one doping athletes is not limited. It turned out that you can significantly enhance the shoes, clothes, and sports equipment. New technologies have come into the sport with the invention of synthetic materials. In the second half of the XX century, several manufacturers started to introduce them to the sport. So, in 1956 the company created the first Speedo, nylon swimming suits. In 1969, the American Bob Gore created GORE-TEX, which allows you to go coming from a few of the body but does not let moisture inside. This effect is made possible thanks to the numerous microscopic pores. Technology then started to be used in the manufacture of sportswear.

The use of new materials in sports equipment has significantly raised the bar for world records. High jumpers began to use the poles of fiberglass, and a boat for rowing now made of plastic. Today in sports natural fabric hardly used. There are new advanced materials for sports. They improve and improve results. So iconic bathing suit Speedo LZR Racer reduces water resistance by 24%. It was set to 182 world record in swimming. However, the principles of equality in sport must remain inviolable, is the reason for tightening many federations rules with respect to the equipment of athletes. Victory should not derivatise only because of the expensive suit or the tool.

Nineteen million four hundred thirty one thousand seven hundred thirty eight



Media technology. Today the whole world has the opportunity to follow sports. It all started on 11 April 1921 when the first broadcast sporting events. Thousands of students watched the Boxing match between johnny ray and johnny Dundee. First broadcast caused a real boom. A new milestone came in may 1937, when television was held the first test screening of excerpts of the FA Cup final on football. In September of the same year in a live show match between the main team and reserve team of Arsenal. Then it was just a bold experiment, who would have thought that the camera not only highly promotes all sports, but will become a mandatory companion to any championship. Over time, a very important role began to play the video replays.

The rapid development of television has spawned a wave of demands to allow the arbitrators to apply to the replays of a disputable situation directly during fights. Today, the video replays are already present in tennis, hockey, Rugby. Kept adamant football, though the authorities have repeatedly used the television picture for the suspension of players for violations, unnoticed by the referee during the match. Today the media is in the sport not only in the form of television with their new show Championships. Increasingly, embedded computer programs and technologies that are in the service of coaches and athletes. They allow to improve the technique, plan and organize the training regime.

In the same football really used expensive computer program that allows you directly during a match count of tactical and technical actions of players of both teams. These numbers allow managers to better adjust the game.

Eighty five million three hundred sixty four thousand three hundred fifty six



Simulators. The world's first simulator was an accident. They became Swedish wall, which in the early nineteenth century helped by exercises to recover from paralysis the hands of the Swedish doctor Henrik Ling. Then the doctor continued Gustav Zander. We have even got a few photos of the second half of the nineteenth century, which shows how his patients learn new equipment. At that time, they resembled a mixture of the torture instruments of the middle ages and modern strength training equipment. Swedish doctors your new method of rehabilitation of physical education called mechanotherapy. In 1865 there was even founded a Medico-mechanical Institute, under the leadership of Gustav Zander.

He then became the author of many devices, who became the first simulators. By 1910 there was already almost 70 different types of such devices. The doctor came to the conclusion that his equipment is suitable, without exception, to all people regardless of their age. Zander noted that the hardware gymnastics best useful for children and the elderly. Because these groups do not have sufficient physical strength to do gymnastics as usual. The original intent of the exercise equipment and was purely medical, they were used for rehabilitation after injuries. But over time, these devices took their place in the history of sports.

Because simulators allow you to both Amateurs and professionals to maintain their physical shape between competitions. Special exercise equipment designed for racers and skiers that also enable you to enhance your skills. Today, progress has reached what appeared intelligent exercise equipment, which do not require people any effort. In the end there was "fitness for the lazy". During the training, the trainers themselves influence the desired muscle groups. I think that progress will bring in this area a lot more new. published 

P. S. And remember, only by changing their consumption — together we change the world! ©

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