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Can astronauts survive while traveling through space-time tunnel?
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As already so favored by critics and audiences the film Interstellar i> astronauts in search of salvation for mankind go straight to the space-time tunnel (n-a tunnel), which is very mysterious and promptly appeared in the vicinity of Saturn. The tunnel led spaceship in distant galaxy abbr>, where the characters take on a chance to find a suitable planet for colonization. When you create a & quot; червоточины" Nolan relied on the advice of Professor Kip Thorne (Kip Thorne), astrophysicist who helped in his time Carl Sagan to describe the "wormhole" for his novel Contact i>. This phenomenon in the film beautifully rendered, and many have called the most accurate picture of "wormholes" in the film. But there is one aspect that the film does not lit: how do survive such a journey?
Historical information
The hypothesis of the existence in the universe of entry points in the n-in tunnels - wormhole - was first proposed by Albert Einstein and his assistant Nathan Rosen. They tried to solve Einstein's equations for general relativity, to come to a purely mathematical model of the whole universe, including gravity and elementary particles. In the process, they described the space as two parallel planes, connected by "jumpers", which we refer to particles.
Another physicist Ludwig Flamm (Ludwig Flamm), independently of them suggested the existence of these jumpers in 1916 in his decision to Einstein's equations. Unfortunately, the "theory of everything" to create does not work, because these alleged jumpers did not behave exactly like real particles. But Einstein and Rosen publication from 1935 popularized the idea of the existence of tunnels through space-time, which led other scientists to think seriously on this issue.
Black hole
The term "wormhole" was proposed in the 1960s by physicist John Wheeler (John Wheeler), where he studied the model of Einstein-Rosen. He compared our three-dimensional space with the surface of the apple. This apple worm gnaws move, and can be either on the surface of the apple to get to the other side, or to make it much faster, but through a wormhole through. And n-space in tunnels, in theory, can afford to instantly get into an incredibly distant corners of the universe, to where the light gets "straight" thousands and even millions of years.
Wheeler noted that the description of the entrances to the tunnel is well suited for the description of the object, known as Schwarzschild black hole - « simple "black hole, which has no electric charge, and does not rotate. Can a black hole to be even and the entrance to the tunnel-n? In mathematical terms, it may be. But no one can survive at the entrance to a wormhole.
According to the model of Schwarzschild black hole is a singularity, neutral, fixed sphere of infinite density. Wheeler has calculated what might happen if a wormhole formed in the fabric of space-time, combining a two singularities in different parts of the universe. This tunnel is extremely unstable, after its formation it is compressed and broken. The process of formation and contraction occurs so quickly that even light can not go to the tunnel from one end to the other. Therefore, the ship which tries to fly through a p-in tunnel is inside the singularity and it instantly destroy immense gravitational forces.
Alternative
According to another theory, the entrance to the tunnel-n may be a rotating black hole Kerr . Singularity inside a black hole has the shape of a ring, not spheres, and some models allow for the possibility of survival of a hypothetical ship if it will pass exactly through the center of the ring. However, Thorne put forward a number of objections to this. In 1987, he wrote , that wormhole Kerr present extremely unstable region called горизонт Cauchy . Mathematicians say that as soon as anything, including light, try to cross the horizon, tunnel collapses. Even if somehow stabilize the wormhole, the quantum theory tells us that everything inside is filled with high-energy particles. In other words, the ship will burn instantly.
However, physicists still spend a link between the classical theory of gravitation and quantum world through mathematical calculations rather vague. From the point of view of physics Juan Maldacena (Juan Maldacena) and Leonard Susskind (Leonard Susskind) from Stanford, wormholes can be something of a physical embodiment of the запутанности, when quantum objects are connected with each other regardless of the distance between them.
A large number of experiments tell us that quantum entanglement does exist, and it has even used for защиты Communications network , for example, during banking transactions. According Maldacena and Susskind, a large number of quantum entanglement changes the geometry of space-time and can be a catalyst for the formation of wormholes in the form of & quot; intricate black holes & quot ;. But this is not the interstellar tunnels. In such wormholes impossible to travel faster than the speed of light.
So, black holes can not be the best one for the wormhole. Maybe they do not exist. According to Avi Loeeba ( Avi Loeb ) of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, yet there is no theory that can be reliably united general theory of relativity with quantum mechanics. We do not know whether there are other structures that can be input in the n-in tunnels.
A ray of hope
In 1987, Thorne wrote that any wormhole that is consistent with the general theory of relativity, is to collapse if only open it will not support the so-called "exotic matter" with negative energy. Thorne argued that the existence of matter itself is confirmed by experiments showing how quantum fluctuations in the vacuum, apparently, create a negative pressure between two mirrors located very close to each other. According to Avi Loeb, our search for dark matter can also lead to the confirmation of the existence of exotic matter:
Over time, the galaxies are scattered with ever-increasing speed, as if they are affected by the repulsive gravity. This accelerating expansion of the universe can be explained by the fact that our space is filled with a substance with negative pressure, just as matter necessary for the existence of wormholes. & Quot; blockquote> However, for this purpose you need too many exotic matter, and only a very advanced civilization could hope to implement such a project.
However, other physicists disagree with vysheskazannym.Maldasena says:
I believe that a stable wormhole through which to travel, must be extremely tortuous and possibly inappropriate known physical laws. Blockquote> Hossenfelder Sabina (Sabina Hossenfelder) of the Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics in Sweden, more skeptical:
We have absolutely no evidence of the existence of wormholes. Probably, they can not exist, and even whether it is not, they would be extremely unstable. Blockquote> Even if exotic matter existed, the journey through it would not be pleasant. Its impact on the ship and astronauts would depend on the curvature of space-time around the wormhole, and the energy density inside it. It's like a black hole: too strong tidal forces tear the ship to the smallest particles.
Thorne said, hardly exist in nature in the p-tunnels through which we will be able to travel.
Even if they do exist, I doubt very much that they are formed in the astrophysical universe. & Quot; blockquote>
Source: geektimes.ru/post/241126/
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