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The lessons of "Burana»

Flight ever Russian space shuttle

205 minutes of flight the ship "Buran" were stunning sensation. And the main thing - landing. For the first time in the world of the Soviet space shuttle landed in automatic mode. US shuttles that have not learned: sit only in the manual.

Why triumphant start was the only one? What country is lost? And is there any hope that the Russian shuttle still fly to the stars? On the eve of the 25th anniversary of the flight "Burana" correspondent "RG" talks with one of its creators, in the past - Head of NGO "Energy", and now - Professor of the Moscow Aviation Institute, doctor of technical sciences Valery Burdakova.

Valery say that the spacecraft "Buran" was the most complex machine ever created by mankind.

Valery Burdakov Certainly. Before him was a leader of the American "Space Shuttle».

It is true that "Buran" could fly up to a satellite in space, grab his arm and send it to her "belly»?

Valery Burdakov: Yes, and the American "Space Shuttle". But the possibility of "Buran" were much broader: the weight of goods delivered to Earth (20-30 tons instead of 14, 5), and the range of their center of gravity. We could station "Mir" to descend from orbit and turned into a museum exhibit!

The Americans were frightened?

Valery Burdakov: Vakhtang Vachnadze, at one time led the NGOs "Energy", said: on the SDI program would send the US into space 460 military vehicles, in the first stage - about 30. When I heard about the successful flight "Burana", they abandoned the idea.





"Buran" was our answer to the Americans. Why were they convinced that we can not create anything like the shuttle?

Valery Burdakov: Yes, Americans are seriously making these statements. The fact is that in the mid-1970s, our gap with the US is estimated at 15 years. We did not have enough experience with large masses of liquid hydrogen, it was not reusable liquid rocket engines, winged spacecraft. Not to mention the absence of such an analogue, as X-15 in the US, as well as aircraft-grade '747 ».

Nevertheless, "Buran" was literally packed, as they say today, innovation?

Valery Burdakov: Absolutely. Unmanned landing, the absence of toxic fuel, horizontal flight tests, aviatransportirovka tank missiles on the back specially crafted airplane ... Everything was super.

Many people remember the amazing photo: Spaceship "straddled" the plane "Mriya". The winged giant is born under the "Buran»?

Valery Burdakov: And not just "Mriya". After the huge 8-meter diameter tanks rocket "Energy" should have been delivered to Baikonur. How? We are considering several options, and even this: dig a canal from the Volga to Baikonur! But they pulled 10 billion rubles, or $ 17 billion. What to do? Money of not. No time for such construction - more than 10 years.

Our department has prepared a report: transport should be by air, ie aircraft. What happened! .. I was accused of fantazerstve. But the plane Myasishcheva 3M-T (later named after him VM-T), and the plane "Ruslan" and the plane "Mriya", which we together with a representative of the Air Force were technical project, have soared.

And why, even among the designers were so many enemies "Buran"? Feoktistov said directly: Reusable - is another bluff, and Academician Mishin even called "Buran" it as "weeds».

Valery Burdakov: They unjustly wronged, suspended from a reusable theme.

Who first thought the project orbiter airplane schemes and capacity of aircraft landing on the runway?

Valery Burdakov: Queens! That's what I heard from the Diaghilev. In 1929, 23 years old, and he was known glider-evaporator. Korolev had an idea: to lift the glider is 6 km, and then, with pressurized cabin, into the stratosphere. He decided to go to Kaluga in Tsiolkovsky to sign a letter of expediency of such a high-altitude flight.



Tsiolkovsky signed?

Valery Burdakov: None. He criticized the idea. He said that without liquid rocket motor glider at high altitude is out of control and dispersed in the fall, break. He presented the booklet "Space Rocket Trains" and advised to consider using LRE not fly into the stratosphere, and even higher in the "air space».

I wonder how Korolev responded?

Valery Burdakov: He did not hide disappointment. And even refused to autograph! While I am reading a little book. A friend of the Queen, an aircraft designer Oleg Antonov told me how to rally in Koktebel glider after 1929, many whispered rather than staggered whether in the mind of Serge? Like, flying a glider, tailless and says that he is the best suited for the installation of its engines. Anokhina pilot shot down specifically to break the glider in the air during "test flutter» ...

Korolev himself designed some heavy-duty glider?

Valery Burdakov Yes, "Red Star". Pilot Stepanchenok first in the world on this glider made a few "dead loop". And Glider is not broke! A curious fact. When the first five astronauts entered the Academy of Zhukovsky, they decided to suggest topics for the diploma "Vostok". But the king said categorically: "Only orbiter airplane schemes! This is our future! Let the example of a small space ship with wings understand what was happening ».

And what kind of incident happened then with German Titov?

Valery Burdakov: He naively thought that really understood everything, and asked the Queen to accept it. "We - he says - to fly on bad ships. Large overloads while running on cobblestones shakes. Need ship airplane schemes, and we have designed! ". The king smiled: "And the engineering degree you've got?". "Not yet," - said Herman. "That's when you get, then come - will talk on equal terms."



When did you start "Buran»?

Valery Burdakov: Back in 1962, with the support of Sergei Pavlovich, I received my first copyright certificate for reusable space vehicle. When risen the hype around the US space shuttle, the question of whether it is necessary or not to do the same have not yet been resolved. However, so-called "service N 16" NGOs "Energy" under the direction of Igor Sadowski in 1974 was formed. Design department there were two - for my airplane Affairs and Ephraim Dubinsky - on media.

We are engaged in translations, scientific analysis, editing and publishing "primers" for the shuttle. And they themselves, without fanfare, developed its own version of the ship and support for him.

But Glushko, who led after the removal of Mishin's "energy", are not supported reusable theme?

Valery Burdakov He insisted throughout that the shuttle will not be engaged. So when Glushko once summoned to the Central Committee to Ustinov, he did not go. He sent me. There's a flurry of questions: why reusable space system, as it can be, etc. After this visit, I signed at the Glushko technical help - the main provisions relating to "Buran". Ustinov as soon as possible to prepare a decision that approved the Brezhnev. But it took dozens of meetings with abuse and accusations of incompetence, not yet worked out a consensus.

And what position your main aviation allied industry - the chief designer of NPO "Molniya" GLEB LOZINO-LOZINSKIY?

Valery Burdakov: In contrast to the aviation minister Dementieva Lozino-Lozinsky was always on our side, at least initially, and offers suggestions. Wise was a man. For example, he put an end to talk about the impossibility of an unmanned landing. He told managers that the longer refer to them will not, and asked to make an automatic landing system ... pioneers Tushino airfield, as repeatedly observed, the accuracy with which land their radio-controlled models. And the incident was closed to the displeasure of his superiors.

Astronauts were also dissatisfied. We thought that would take the top position Dementieva. Letter to the Central Committee wrote, they do not need automatic landing, they want to govern themselves "Buran».

It is said that the name "Buran" was before the start?

Valery Burdakov: Yes. Glushko offered a ship called "energy" Lozino-Lozinsky - "Lightning". There was a consensus - "Baikal". And the "Buran" general Karimov suggested. Caption barely otskrebli already before the start of a new and inflicted.



Accuracy Landing "Burana" at once all on the spot ...

Valery Burdakov: When the ship was struck from behind the clouds, one of the chiefs, as in delirium, repeated: "Right now, broken, broken right now!". However, he used a different word. All gasped when the "Buran" was deployed across the runway. And in fact, this maneuver was laid out in the program. But the head of this nuance, apparently, did not know or had forgotten. The ship came exactly on the strip. Lateral deviation of the center line - only 3 meters! This is the highest accuracy. 205 minutes of flight "Burana", as well as all flights of aircraft with oversized cargoes, passed without a single remark to the designers.

How did you feel after such a triumph?

Valery Burdakov: That words can not convey. But in front of us waiting for another "sensation": a successful innovation project was closed. 15 billion rubles - have been spent in vain.

Will there ever be used in scientific and technical reserve "Burana»?

Valery Burdakov "Buran", as well as the shuttle, it was not profitable to apply for an expensive and clumsy system of elimination. But the unique technical solutions can be developed in the "Buran-M." The new, modified to reflect the latest advances, the ship can be very fast, reliable and convenient way to intercontinental aerospace transportation of goods, just passengers and tourists. But for this you need to create an eco-friendly reusable single-stage carrier MOVEN any azimuth. It will replace the rocket "Soyuz". And it does not need to be such a cumbersome start, so he can run with the cosmodrome "East».

Touched on the "Buran" is not lost. Automatic Samoletnaya landing gave birth to a fifth generation fighter and numerous drones. We just like it was with an artificial satellite of the Earth, were the first.

At the Queen you have worked in the 3rd Division, determine the prospects of development of astronautics. What prospects for the current space exploration?

Valery Burdakov: In place of the hydrocarbon coming era of nuclear and solar energy, unthinkable without the extensive use of a variety of space assets. To create a space solar power provides power terrestrial consumers require media on a payload of 250 tons. They will be based on MOVEN. And if we talk about outer space in general, it will provide all the needs of humanity, not just information, as it is now.



Incidentally

It was built five copies of the ship's flight "Buran».

1.01 The ship "Buran" - only made the flight. Store in assembly and testing facility at Baikonur. In May 2002, destroyed in the collapse of the roof.

1.02 The ship - had to make the second flight and dock with the orbital station "Mir". Now a museum exhibit Baikonur Cosmodrome.

Ship 2.01 - was prepared by 30 - 50%. Was at the Tushino Machine-Building Plant, then - on the dock of the Khimki Reservoir. In 2011, it moved for restoration in Zhukovsky Flight Research Institute.

2.02 The ship - was ready by 10 - 20%. Dismantled on the stocks of the plant.

Ship 2.03 - brushed destroyed and disposed of in a landfill.

Everything - from here, thank you all for reading!



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